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'e' Beginning in the sixty…first year of King Yaos reign; the prosperity of the nation was temporarily disturbed by a thirteen…year flood。 It was a terrible disaster; and King Yao was greatly grieved by the sufferings of his people。 With some hesitation; the great task of reducing the waters was assigned to Gun; who failed; and for this failure and other crimes; was put to death by Shun; King Yaos son…in…law and co…ruler。 Strange as it may seem; Yu; son of Gun; was remended to the throne by Shun。 Later on; Yao would yield the throne to Shun; and Shun to Yu。
Ma Su wept bitterly; saying; 〃Pity me; O Prime Minister! You have looked upon me as a son; I have looked up to you as a father。 I know my fault is worthy of death; but I pray you remember how King Shun employed Yu; after executing Yus father*。 Though I die; I will harbor no resentment down in the depths of the Nine Golden Springs。〃
Zhuge Liang brushed aside his tears and said; 〃We have been as brothers; and your children shall be as my own。 I know what to do。〃
They led the doomed man away。 Without the main gate; just as they were going to deal the fatal blow; High Counselor Jiang Wan; who had just arrived from Capital Chengdu; was passing in。 He bade the executioners wait a while; and he went in and interceded for Ma Su。
'e' Cheng Dechen was a general of Chu during the Spring and Autumn period。 Cheng Dechen fought against Duke Wen of Jin and lost (BC 632)。 。。。。。
'e' Duke Wen of Jin (reigned 636…628 BC) was ruler of the western state of Jin during the Spring and Autumn period。 He and his successors made Jin a dominant state for nearly 200 years。 。。。。。
'e' Sun Zi (aka Sun Wu; Sunzi; Suntzu; Sun…tzu; Sun tzu) the author of the famed treatise The Art of War。 A general of Wu in the Spring and Autumn period; Sun Zi made her the mightiest state during his lifetime by defeating Chu and conquering Yue。 His treatise the Art of War is still avidly read today by many。 。。。。。
〃Formerly the King of Chu put Minister Cheng Dechen* to death due to a defeat; and his rival Duke Wen of Jin* rejoiced。 There is great confusion in the land; and yet you would slay a man of admitted ability。 Can you not spare him?〃
Zhuge Liangs tears fell; but he said; 〃Sun Zi* maintains that the one way to obtain success is to make the law supreme。 Now confusion and actual war are in every quarter。 If the law be not observed; how may rebels be made away with? He must die。〃
Soon after they bore in the head of Ma Su as proof; and Zhuge Liang wailed bitterly。
〃Why do you weep for him now that he has met the just penalty for his fault?〃 said Jiang Wan。
〃I was not weeping then because of Ma Su; but because I remembered the words of the First Ruler。 At his last moment in Baidicheng; he said: Ma Sus words exceed his deeds。 Do not make much use of him。 It has e true; and I greatly regret my want of insight。 That is why I weep。〃
Every officer wept。 Ma Su was but thirty…nine; and he met his end in the fifth month of the sixth year of Beginning Prosperity (AS 228)。
A poet wrote about him thus:
That was pitiful that he who talked so glib
Of war; should lose a city; fault most grave;
With death as expiation。 At the gate
He paid stern laws extremest penalty。
Deep grieved; his chief recalled the late Princes words。
The head of Ma Su was paraded round the camps。 Then it was sewn again to the body and buried with it。 Zhuge Liang conducted the sacrifices for the dead and read the oration。 A monthly allowance was made for the family; and they were consoled as much as possible。
Next Zhuge Liang made his memorial to the Throne and bade Jiang Wan bear it to the Latter Ruler。 Therein Zhuge Liang proposed his own degradation from his high office。
〃Naturally a man of mediocre abilities; I have enjoyed your confidence undeservedly。 Having led out an expedition; I have proved my inability to perform the high office of leader。 Over solicitude was my undoing。 Hence happened disobedience at Jieting and the failure to guard the Gu Valley。 The fault is mine in that I erred in the use of officers。 In my anxiety I was too secretive。 The Spring and Autumn philosophy has pronounced the mander such as I am is blameworthy; and whither may I flee from my fault? I pray that I may be degraded three degrees as punishment。 I cannot express my mortification。 I humbly await your mand。〃
〃Why does the Prime Minister speak thus?〃 said the Latter Ruler after reading the memorial。 〃It is but the ordinary fortune of war。〃
Court Counselor Fei Yi said; 〃The ruler must enhance the majesty of the law; for without law how can people support him? It is right that the Prime Minister should be degraded in rank。〃
Thereupon an edict was issued reducing Zhuge Liang to the rank of General of the Right Army; but retaining him in the same position in the direction of state affairs and mand of the military forces。 Fei Yi was directed to municate the decision。
Fei Yi bore the edict into Hanzhong and gave it to Zhuge Liang; who bowed to the decree。 The envoy thought Zhuge Liang might be mortified; so he ventured to felicitate him in other matters。
〃It was a great joy to the people of Shu when you; O Prime Minister; captured the four northwest counties;〃 said he。
〃What sort of language is this?〃 said Zhuge Liang; annoyed。 〃Success followed by failure is no success。 It shames me indeed to hear such a pliment。〃
〃His Majesty will be very pleased to hear of the acquisition of Jiang Wei。〃
This remark also angered Zhuge Liang; who replied; 〃It is my fault that a defeated
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