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Persia; and Herodotus gives an equally naive account of this deliberation。

§ 47

In the present day; the Constitution of a country and people is not represented as so entirely

dependent on free and deliberate choice。 The fundamental but abstractly (and therefore

imperfectly) entertained conception of Freedom; has resulted in the Republic being very generally

regarded … in theory … as the only just and true political constitution。 Many even; who occupy

elevated official positions under monarchical constitutions … so far from being opposed to this idea

… are actually its supporters; only they see that such a constitution; though the best; cannot be

realised under all circumstances; and that … while men are what they are … we must be satisfied

with less freedom; the monarchical constitution … under the given circumstances; and the present

moral condition of the people … being even regarded as the most advantageous。 In this view also;

the necessity of a particular constitution is made to depend on the condition of the people in such a

way as if the latter were non…essential and accidental。 This representation is founded on the

distinction which the reflective understanding makes between an idea and the corresponding

reality; holding to an abstract and consequently untrue idea; not grasping it in its pleteness; or …

which is virtually; though not in point of form; the same … not taking a concrete view of a people

and a state。 We shall have to show further on that the constitution adopted by a people makes one

substance … one spirit … with its religion; its art and philosophy; or; at least; with its conceptions and

thoughts … its culture generally; not to expatiate upon the additional influences; ab extra; of

climate; of neighbours; of its place in the world。 A State is an individual totality; of which you

cannot select any particular side; although a supremely important one; such as its political

constitution; and deliberate and decide respecting it in that isolated form。 Not only is that

constitution most intimately connected with and dependent on those other spiritual forces; but the

form of the entire moral and intellectual individuality … prising all the forces it embodies … is

only a step in the development of the grand Whole; … with its place pre…appointed in the process: a

fact which gives the highest sanction to the constitution in question; and establishes its absolute

necessity。 …The origin of a State involves imperious lordship on the one hand; instinctive

submission on the other。 But even obedience … lordly power; and the fear inspired by a ruler … in

itself implies some degree of voluntary connection。 Even in barbarous states this is the case; it is

not the isolated will of individuals that prevails; individual pretensions are relinquished; and the

general will is the essential bond of political union。 This unity of the general and the particular is the

Idea itself; manifesting itself as a State; and which subsequently undergoes further development

within itself。 The abstract yet necessitated process in the development of truly independent states is

as follows: … They begin with regal power; whether of patriarchal or military origin。 In the next

phase; particularity and individuality assert themselves in the form of Aristocracy and Democracy。

Lastly; we have the subjection of these separate interests to a single power; but which can be

absolutely none other than one outside of which those spheres have an independent position; viz。;

the Monarchical。 Two phases of royalty; therefore; must be distinguished; … a primary and a

secondary one。 This process is necessitated; so that the form of government assigned to a

particular stage of development must present itself: it is therefore no matter of choice; but is that

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