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lies in the fact that they respect none of the limitations which justice and morality would impose on

them; and that these natural impulses have a more direct influence over man than the artificial and

tedious discipline that tends to order and self…restraint; law and morality。 When we look at this

display of passions; and the consequences of their violence; the Unreason which is associated not

;only with them; but even (rather we might say especially) with good designs and righteous aims;

when we see the evil; the vice; the ruin that has befallen the most flourishing kingdoms which the

mind of man ever created; we can scarce avoid being filled with sorrow at this universal taint of

corruption: and; since this decay is not the work of mere Nature; but of the Human Will — a moral

embitterment — a revolt of the Good Spirit (if it have a place within us) may well be the result of

our reflections。 Without rhetorical exaggeration; a simply truthful bination of the miseries that

have overwhelmed the noblest of nations and polities; and the finest exemplars of private virtue; —

forms a picture of most fearful aspect; and excites emotions of the profoundest and most hopeless

sadness; counter…balanced by no consolatory result。 We endure in beholding it a mental torture;

allowing no defence or escape but the consideration that what has happened could not be

otherwise; that it is a fatality which no intervention could alter。 And at last we draw back from the

intolerable disgust with which these sorrowful reflections threaten us; into the more agreeable

environment of our individual life — the Present formed by our private aims and interests。 In short

we retreat into the selfishness that stands on the quiet shore; and thence enjoy in safety the distant

spectacle of “wrecks confusedly hurled。” But even regarding History as the slaughter…bench at

which the happiness of peoples; the wisdom of States; and the virtue of individuals have been

victimised — the question involuntarily arises — to what principle; to what final aim these enormous

sacrifices have been offered。 From this point the investigation usually proceeds to that which we

have made the general mencement of our enquiry。 Starting from this we pointed out those

phenomena which made up a picture so suggestive of gloomy emotions and thoughtful reflections

— as the very field which we; for our part; regard as exhibiting only the means for realising what

we assert to be the essential destiny — the absolute aim; or — which es to the same thing —

the true result of the Worlds History。 We have all along purposely eschewed “moral reflections”

as a method of rising from the scene of historical specialties to the general principles which they

embody。 Besides; it is not the interest of such sentimentalities; really to rise above those depressing

emotions; and to solve the enigmas of Providence which the considerations that occasioned them;

present。 It is essential to their character to find a gloomy satisfaction in the empty and fruitless

sublimities of that negative result。 We return then to the point of view which we have adopted;

observing that the successive steps (Momente) of the analysis to which it will lead us; will also

evolve the conditions requisite for answering the enquiries suggested by the panorama of sin and

suffering that history unfolds。

§ 25

The first remark we have to make; and which … though already presented more than once —

cannot be too often repeated when the occasion seems to call for it; — is that what we call the

principle; aim; destiny; or the nature and idea of Spirit; is something merely general and abstract。

Principle — Plan of Existence —

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