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seriously made; to point out any such condition as actually existing; or as having ever occurred。

Examples of a savage state of life can be pointed out; but they are marked by brutal passions and

deeds of violence; while; however rude and simple their conditions; they involve social

arrangements which (to use the mon phrase) restrain freedom。 That assumption is one of

those nebulous images which theory produces; an idea which it cannot avoid originating; but which

it fathers upon real existence; without sufficient historical justification。

§ 43

What we find such a state of Nature to be in actual experience; answers exactly to the Idea of a

merely natural condition。 Freedom as the ideal of that which is original and natural; does not exist

as original and natural。 Rather must it be first sought out and won; and that by an incalculable

medial discipline of the intellectual and moral powers。 The state of Nature is; therefore;

predominantly that of injustice and violence; of untamed natural impulses; of inhuman deeds and

feelings。 Limitation is certainty produced by Society and the State; but it is a limitation of the mere

brute emotions and rude instincts; as also; in a more advanced stage of culture; of the

premeditated self…will of caprice and passion。 This kind of constraint is part of the instrumentality

by which only; the consciousness of Freedom and the desire for its attainment; in its true … that is

Rational and Ideal form … can be obtained。 To the Ideal of Freedom; Law and Morality are

indispensably requisite: and they are in and for themselves; universal existences; objects and aims;

which are discovered only by the activity of thought; separating itself from the merely sensuous;

and developing itself; in opposition thereto; and which must on the other hand; be introduced into

and incorporated with the originally sensuous will; and that contrarily to its natural inclination。 The

perpetually recurring misapprehension of Freedom consists in regarding that term only in its

formal; subjective sense; abstracted from its essential objects and aims; thus a constraint put upon

impulse; desire; passion … pertaining to the particular individual as such … a limitation of caprice and

self…will is regarded as a fettering of Freedom。 We should on the contrary look upon such

limitation as the indispensable proviso of emancipation。 Society and the State are the very

conditions in which Freedom is realised。

§ 44

We must notice a second view; contravening the principle of the development of moral relations

into a legal form。 The patriarchal condition is regarded … either in reference to the entire race of

man; or to some branches of it … as exclusively that condition of things; in which the legal element is

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