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form which is adapted to the spirit of the people。

§ 48

In a Constitution the main feature of interest is the self…development of the rational; that is; the

political condition of a people; the setting free of the successive elements of the Idea: so that the

several powers in the State manifest themselves as separate; … attain their appropriate and special

perfection; … and yet in this independent condition; work together for one object; and are held

together by it … i。e。; form an organic whole。 The State is thus the embodiment of rational freedom;

realising and recognising itself in an objective form。 For its objectivity consists in this; … that its

successive stages are not merely ideal; but are present in an appropriate reality; and that in their

separate and several working; they are absolutely merged in that agency by which the totality … the

soul … the individual unity … is produced; and of which it is the result。

§ 49

The State is the Idea of Spirit in the external manifestation of human Will and its Freedom。 It is to

the State; therefore; that change in the aspect of History indissolubly attaches itself; and the

successive phases of the Idea manifest themselves in it as distinct political principles。 The

Constitutions under which World…Historical peoples have reached their culmination; are peculiar

to them; and therefore do not present a generally applicable political basis。 Were it otherwise; the

differences of similar constitutions would consist only in a peculiar method of expanding and

developing that generic basis; whereas they really originate in diversity of principle。 From the

parison therefore of the political institutions of the ancient World…Historical peoples; it so

happens; that for the most recent principle of a Constitution … for the principle of our own times …

nothing (so to speak) can be learned。 In science and art it is quite otherwise; e。 g。; the ancient

philosophy is so decidedly the basis of the modern; that it is inevitably contained in the latter; and

constitutes its basis。 In this case the relation is that of a continuous development of the same

structure; whose foundation…stone; walls; and roof have remained what they were。 In Art; the

Greek itself; in its original form; furnishes us the best models。 But in regard to political constitution;

it is quite otherwise: here the Ancient and the Modern have not their essential principle in mon。

Abstract definitions and dogmas respecting just government; … importing that intelligence and virtue

ought to bear sway … are; indeed; mon to both。 But nothing is so absurd as to look to Greeks;

Romans; or Orientals; for models for the political arrangements of our time。 From the East may be

derived beautiful pictures of a patriarchal condition; of paternal government; and of devotion to it

on the part of peoples; from Greeks and Romans; descriptions of popular liberty。 Among the latter

we find the idea of a Free Constitution admitting all the citizens to a share in deliberations and

resolves respecting the affairs and laws of the monwealth。 In our times; too; this is its general

acceptation; only with this modification; that … since our States are so large; and there are so many

of 〃the Many;〃 the latter; … direct action being impossible; … should by the indirect method of

elective substitution express their concurrence with resolves affecting the mon weal; that is;

that for legislative purposes generally; the people should be represented by dep

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