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looks upon the world rationally; the world in its turn; presents a rational aspect。 The relation is

mutual。 But the various exercises of reflection — the different points of view — the modes of

deciding the simple question of the relative importance of events (the first category that occupies

the attention of the historian); do not belong to this place。

§ 14

I will only mention two phases and points of view that concern the generally diffused conviction

that Reason has ruled; and is still ruling in the world; and consequently in the worlds history;

because they give us; at the same time; an opportunity for more closely investigating the question

that presents the greatest difficulty; and for indicating a branch of the subject; which will have to be

enlarged on in the sequel。

I。 Reason Governs the World

§ 15

One of these points is; that passage in history; which informs us that the Greek Anaxagoras was

the first to enunciate the doctrine that Understanding generally; or Reason; governs the world。 It is

not intelligence as self…conscious Reason; — not a Spirit as such that is meant; and we must clearly

distinguish these from each other。 The movement of the solar system takes place according to

unchangeable laws。 These laws are Reason; implicit in the phenomena in question。 But neither the

sun nor the plas; which revolve around it according to these laws; can be said to have any

consciousness of them。

§ 16

A thought of this kind; — that Nature is an embodiment of Reason; that it is unchangeably

subordinate to universal laws; appears nowise striking or strange to us。 We are accustomed to

such conceptions; and find nothing extraordinary in them。 And I have mentioned this extraordinary

occurrence; partly to show how history teaches; that ideas of this kind; which may seem trivial to

us; have not always been in the world; that on the contrary; such a thought makes an epoch in the

annals of human intelligence。 Aristotle says of Anaxagoras; as the originator of the thought in

question; that he appeared as a sober man among the drunken。 Socrates adopted the doctrine

from Anaxagoras; and it forthwith became the ruling idea in Philosophy; except in the school of

Epicurus; who ascribed all events to chance。 “I was delighted with the sentiment;” — Plato

makes Socrates say — “and hoped I had found a teacher who would show me Nature in harmony

with Reason; who would demonstrate in each particular phenomenon its specific aim; and in the

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